
Teaching Tips
¿Cómo deberían estudiar los estudiantes? Tips, Recomendaciones y Riesgos

- Investigue cómo ha estado estudiando el estudiante. Preguntas posibles incluyen: ¿Leyó usted los capítulos asignados antes del examen? ¿Los leyó antes de ir a clase, después, o sólo antes del examen? ¿Cuánto tiempo dedica a estudiar para el examen? ¿Leyó estos capítulos una vez, o más de una vez? (Esta pregunta provee una oportunidad para revisar la antigua Ley de la Frecuencia, y para describir la manera en que la repetición influencia la formación de la memoria y el recuerdo).
- Verifique la asistencia y las prácticas de toma de notas. Asumiendo que el estudiante asista a clase regularmente, usted podría preguntar: ¿Toma buenas notas? ¿Revisa sus notas después de clase para corregir errores obvios? ¿Compara sus notas con las de otros estudiantes? ¿Dónde se sienta en clase? También podría mirar la calidad de las notas del estudiante y sugerirle cambios (por ejemplo, dejando más espacios, utilizando encabezados para los temas, escribiendo los ejemplos utilizados por el instructor).
- Sugiera comportamientos saludables. Pregunte cuántas horas duerme el estudiante, cuántas la noche antes del examen, y si está realizando ejercicio y comiendo de manera apropiada (esto podría proveer una oportunidad para revisar los efectos del sueño en la formación de la memoria).
- Recomiende tutoría. Si los tutores son una opción posible entonces estimule su uso. Si no, pregunte a los estudiantes si han intentado estudiar con otros compañeros.
- Discuta la diferencia entre reconocer y conocer. Describa la diferencia entre revisar el material lo suficiente como para que cuando lo vuelva a leer lo "reconozca" como familiar y concluya prematuramente que lo conoce y lo entiende, y realmente conocerlo y entenderlo. (Usted podría incluso mencionar a Ebbinghaus y los beneficios del sobreaprendizaje, o trabajar sobre la ‘maldición del conocimiento’ mostrando que los estudiantes con frecuencia piensan que conocen el material cuando el material está justo en frente de ellos).
- Motive la autoevaluación. Una estrategia sencilla es dar a sus estudiantes acceso a una medida ya establecida y gratuita del comportamiento de estudio (por ejemplo, ASSIST) y permitirles utilizarla para desarrollar un sentido de lo que no están haciendo (Entwistle, 2009). El programa ASSIST provee un perfil de los puntajes obtenidos en las estrategias y alerta a los estudiantes ante posibles problemas en sus formas existentes de estudiar (disponible en http://www.etl.tla.ed.ac.uk/questionnaires/ASSIST.pdf).
- Discuta las estrategias ganadoras. Hattie (2009) sintetizó la investigación de 800 metaanálisis relacionados con el logro educativo. Luego derivó las magnitudes del efecto para diferentes intervenciones. Intervenir para mejorar los comportamientos de estudio fue un factor significativo con una magnitud del efecto de .59. Este metaanálisis y otros trabajos sobre técnicas de estudio (Gurung, 2004; 2005) demuestran empíricamente que las siguientes estrategias específicas funcionan y de hecho son útiles para compartirlas con los estudiantes:
- Aconseje a los estudiantes sobre lo que NO deben hacer. Investigaciones previas sugieren que los estudiantes toman algunos ‘atajos peligrosos’, técnicas de estudio que podrían no ser benéficas y que acaparan un valioso tiempo de estudio en detrimento de otras técnicas (Gurung, 2004, p. 164). Tristemente, tales atajos podrían representar los comportamientos asumidos por los estudiantes académicamente más débiles. Mientras que los estudiantes académicamente más fuertes podrían no invertir tiempo en comportamientos tales como revisar los capítulos justo después de una clase magistral en lugar de hacerlo justo antes de un examen, los estudiantes más débiles podrían repasar los capítulos en ambos momentos. En apoyo de este punto, Landrum, Turrisi, y Brandel (2006) encontraron que los estudiantes que obtenían notas superiores (A y B) tendían a incrementar su frecuencia de estudio en la medida en que el semestre progresaba, pero reducían el tiempo real actual invertido cada vez (p. 681). (Otro testimonio sobre los beneficios de la práctica distribuida vs. la práctica concentrada). Los estudiantes que se están desempeñando de manera pobre podrían intentar mejorar incrementando la aplicación de los tipos de estudio no exitosos que han estado aplicando, en vez de ensayar otras técnicas. Los comportamientos clave que los estudiantes deberían evitar son:
- Evalúe los comportamientos de estudio de sus propios estudiantes. Correlacione los comportamientos con los puntajes de los exámenes e identifique cuáles comportamientos están asociados con mejores puntajes. Comparta esto con los estudiantes para ayudarles a modificar su comportamiento de estudio. Por ejemplo, el primer autor creó una Lista de Chequeo de Comportamientos de Estudio de 35 ítems (SBC) basado en investigaciones previas y entrevistas con los estudiantes (Gurung et al., en imprenta). Los ítems evalúan los comportamientos organizacionales de los estudiantes (p. ej., escribiendo cuando se deben presentar exámenes, tareas y evaluaciones breves; estableciendo un cronograma para el estudio), comportamientos de aplicación (p. ej., creando preguntas acerca del material), comportamientos de elaboración (p. ej., parafraseando el material, explicándolo a otra persona), comportamientos metacognitivos (p. ej., utilizando el sitio web del texto guía/evaluaciones breves), y comportamientos de uso de recursos (por ejemplo, solicitando a un compañero que le explique el material) en una escala que va desde 1 (no se parece en nada a mí) hasta 5 (exactamente como yo). Los puntajes más altos en los exámenes fueron asociados con:
- No espere una bala de plata. Es importante tener en mente que no existen estrategias que funcionen todo el tiempo, para todos los estudiantes y en todas las clases. Diferentes exámenes requieren diferentes estrategias. Es posible que los exámenes de selección múltiple de Introducción a la Psicología requieran solamente comportamientos de estudio básicos, mientras que un examen tipo ensayo para un nivel superior necesitará comportamientos diferentes.
Referencias
Brown, W. F. & Holtzman, W. H. (1955). A study-attitudes questionnaire for predicting academic success. Journal of Educational Psychology, 46(2), 75-84. Crede, M., & Kuncel, N. R. (2008). Study habits, skills, and attitudes: The third pillar supporting collegiate academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 425-454. Entwistle, N. (2009). Teaching for understanding at university: Deep approaches and distinctive ways of thinking. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Entwistle, N., & McCune, V. (2004). The conceptual bases of study strategy inventories. Educational Psychology Review, 16, 325-345. Fry, R. (2004). How to study (6e). Clifton Park, NY: Thompson Delmar Learning. Gettinger, M., & Seibert, J. K. (2002). Contributions of study techniques to academic competence. School Psychology Review, 31, 350-365. Gurung, R. A. R. (2004). Pedagogical aids: Learning enhancers or dangerous detours? Teaching of Psychology, 31, 164-166. Gurung, R. A. R. (2005). How do students really study (and does it matter)? Teaching of Psychology, 32, 367-372. Gurung, R. A. R., & Schwartz, E. (2009). Optimizing teaching and learning: Pedagogical research in practice. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Gurung, R. A. R., Weidert, J., & Jeske, A. S. (in press). A closer look at how students study (and if it matters). Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning. Hattie, J. (2009). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. London, U.K.: Routledge. Landrum, R. E., Turrisi, R., & Brandel, J. M. (2006). College students’ study time, course level, time of semester, and grade earned. Psychological Reports, 98, 675-682. Locke, N. M. (1940). The Student Skills Inventory: a study habits test. Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol 24(4), 493-504. Newport, C. (2007). How to become a straight-A student: The unconventional strategies real college students use to score high while studying less. New York: Broadway Books. Pauk, W., & Owens, R. J. Q. (2007). How to study in college (9e). San Francisco: Wadsworth. Prevatt, F., Petscher, Y., Proctor, B. E., Hurst, A., & Adams, K. (2006). The revised Learning and Study Strategies Inventory: An evaluation of competing models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 448-458. Tamblin, L., & Ward, P. (2006). The smart study guide: Psychological techniques for student success. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Tait, H., Entwistle, N. J., & McCune, V. (1998). ASSIST: A reconceptualization of the Approaches to Studying Inventory. In C. Rust (ed.) Improving student learning: Improving students as learners. Oxford, England: Oxford Center for Staff and Learning Development. Weinstein, C. E., & Palmer, D. R. (2002). Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI): User’s manual (2nd ed.). Clearwater, FL: H & H Publishing. Wren, C. G. (1933). Study-habits inventory. Oxford, England: Stanford University Press.
Comments
The best way of studying is to read loud with the help of finger. in order to memorize books faster,you have to point your finger at the words of a paragraph of a book and slowly read.Needles to say as it lies in the English proverb”Slow and steady wins the race”.The more you read slowly and steady
with the help of finger the more you remember.
Build up the habit of group-study. It boosts learning process as so many are engaged in a particular piece of work, knowing its subject matter, thematic concerns, technical approximities and pin pointed meanings. Group-study inculcates a zeal for complete study and fulfilled knowledge.
Build up the habit of group-study. It boosts learning process as so many are engaged in a particular piece of work, knowing its subject matter, thematic concerns, technical approximities and pin pointed meanings. Group-study inculcates a zeal for complete study and fulfilled knowledge.
Set goals for yourself and before going down to books take some 5min to look at them and they will give you the moral to chop harder.
do your work on daily basis by keeping your aim in your mind and following this maxim great spirits never wiln their bodies die
Good helpful
Teachers should interact among the students with love and friendly.They should try to give individual attention to each students.
great tips
really required for the teachers….
Make a time table, and follow up it properly. Take a small paper and note main points and sub points which you studied early. Wherever you go, keep the paper with u and try to read. This idea helps you to recollect everything. Give more important for tough subjects and devote more time for them. NOTE, “hard working is the only solution to win.”
Remember to draw up a study timetable early and always try to spend more time on the topics that seem to be hard for you.
If we learn loud and pratice in writing it helps to learn fast and easy way.
Aw, this was a really nice post. Finding the time and actual effort to generate a great article… but what can I say… I procrastinate a whole lot and never seem to get nearly anything done.
self study is the better solution for good under standing
Dear All,
I think that’s great tips for teaching.the main point is that for study everything must be in time.
Timetable should be discussed.
finally, I agree with M.Asima Rather
great tips
I dont memorize the answers if i will then i forgot…
what to do now?
Gr8 tips… gv more time 2 slf study as much as possible
Great tip…..I think dis Will also help me ..thanks a lot
thank you 4 such a great adivice to give us and nice tips
Thank you for such advice and nice tips.
study your notes daily. try to make good notes while teacher teaches and review them at home to enhance. your memory
we all know that.. hardwork is a great key of success
Don’t only study hard but also smart and pray for ur studies.
SMART study + HARDWORK = SUCCESS(InshaAllah)
I hope it’s going to as I will be writing my exams.
Thanks for the tips.
But a cannot get one of the references mentioned above.
Missing word is “help me” between to and as
Sorry for that.
Great tips. This we help me a lot God bless u all
brainy tips
These tips about studying is really going to help me a lot with taking test from now on. I used to try doing several things at once especially with my children and I found that it was not working and I had to try other things. I think you really have to know the best way you learn and find that great way to study for yourself.
These r great tips
Memorising what we’ve studied b4 going 2 bed will keep in our mind 4ever
Tnk u all!
This are great tips indeed thanks for the help indeed,i have gained something i didn’t know of about notes.This helped me a lot.
The piece is very good. Thanks for making it available.
i m very happy with the tips..so helpful
I also agree that one of the best ways to get a student to study better is to urge self-assessment. Although this doesn’t work for everyone, it worked for me when I was in high school. My parents would tell me not to study hard and pass tests for them, but for myself. This tactic worked very well and I began studying without the encouragement of my parents.
I completely agree with this because in the early years of education is very important attitude tutors to students. Tips, help, support lecturer helped me become more confident in myself when I was in college. My words are fully confirms this article http://www.education.com/reference/article/teachers-expectations-affect-learning/ which revealed the topic of influence teachers on student learning.
Of course it all depends on the particular lecturer, his personal relationship to the student. And the students are divided into two groups – those who are waiting for help, advice and those who are building our future. I belong to the second group, when the time came to write Thesis, I did not ask and began to look for information on the Internet about thesis writing and found http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2011/april-11/how-should-students-study-tips-advice-and-pitfalls.html . But at the same time any, even the most clever and strong student needs support that has to do lecturer.
Its very good post for all the students. and i think regular study is most important. By regular study we can decrease our burden or study. This post will help many student who are suffering from this problem.
Of* students*
It is very important tips.i liked this and i agree with you.Thanks for the tips.
Wow wonderful & much inspiring thank you!!
I was unaware of the difference between recognition and knowledge, and I think that is very interesting! There are lots of things we ask our students to know. For example, to know this definition or this equation; however, there are many things that they can simply recognize instead. I am excited to look over my curriculum and to find things that students simply need to recognize, and then point that out to them. Thanks for the advice!
how to study in college is my first year and Im very disoriented about my class that we use the book name PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE please I need real tips how to study this book thanks everyone
i think taking a home teacher will be the best solution for children to be more brilliant
I strongly agreed with the above study tips.
Having a good study strategy is key. I recommend stepping away from the material and coming back to it to see if you retain any of the information you studied. Get rest! If you are tired, it’s harder for you to retain information. It’s harder for you to focused. Get a study partner that in smarter than you or one that work just as hard as you. Try to avoid lazy, talkative people.
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