The Multiple Platforms Effect (MPE): A Quantification of How Exposure to Similarly Biased Content on Multiple Online Platforms Might Affect Users

We exposed 536 people to similarly biased content on simulations of Google, Alexa, and X. The impact of successive exposures was additive for both opinions and voting preferences. The number of undecided voters voting for the favored candidate increased with each exposure by 42.4%, then 56.5%, then 66.7%.