Japan's Low-Proficient English Learners Convinced of Having Fixed Abilities: Source of High Anxiety and Low Confidence

This study examined how self-perception of English ability (i.e., mindset), thought to affect the psychological state of learners, differs according to the proficiency-level. The results show low-proficiency students tend to attribute their low skills to their abilities being fixed, therefore fixed perceptions of abilities caused higher anxiety and lowered self-confidence.