An Examination of Parenting, School Connectedness, and Self-Esteem As Protective Factors Against Adverse Outcomes Following Exposure to Childhood Trauma

Associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and outcomes like depression, delinquency, and substance use are established. This study investigated potential factors (i.e. parent support, school connection, and self-esteem) that may reduce risk for these outcomes. Results suggested that effects of parental support on substance use varied according to ACE exposure.