Hovering or Invalidating? Examining Nuances in the Associations between Controlling Parents and Problematic Outcomes for College Students

Two studies with college students examined if self-compassion and emotion beliefs mediated the relationship between problematic parenting behaviors (helicopter parenting, parental invalidation), and outcomes of perfectionism, affective distress, distress tolerance, and locus of control. Results suggest parental invalidation and self-compassion are the strongest predictors of these outcomes.