Examining Configural, Metric, and Scalar Invariance of Test Emotions Items over Time

Anger, boredom, emotionality, enjoyment, pride, and worry were measured three times during a low-stakes test. Longitudinal invariance (configural, metric, scalar) was established for all measured emotions. Given scalar invariance, change in emotions could be estimated. On average, anger and enjoyment increased whereas pride, worry, and boredom decreased throughout the test.