Clarifying the Factor Structure of Resilience: An Empirical Approach Based on Ten Resilience Measures

Resilience’s factor structure has yet to be examined empirically with numerous measures. We factor-analyzed 10 resilience measures and found four factors using Exploratory Factor Analysis: self-reliance and determination, self-efficacy, emotion regulation, and optimism. Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested a higher-order structure where these four factors are facets of resilience.