Bidirectional Links between Sleep Disturbance and Prosocial Behaviors: A Two-Wave Cross-Lagged Analysis

This study examined bidirectional longitudinal links between sleep disturbance and three forms of prosocial behavior. Lower sleep disturbance predicted more extraordinary prosocial behavior but less formal volunteering six months later. A trend-level reciprocal effect emerged for extraordinary prosocial behavior. Findings highlight differentiated sleep–prosociality dynamics and potential cross-domain influences.