A Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Anti-Asian Tweets during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systemic Racialization, Stigma Spillover, and Persistent Xenophobic Hostility

Using two years of Twitter data and multi-query topic modeling, this study shows how COVID-19 discourse produced racialized blame, stigma spillover, and multilayered hostility toward Asians. Findings demonstrate crisis-driven attribution pathways that racialize disease and underscore the need for context-sensitive monitoring to mitigate future harms.