Are Juvenile Facilities Developmentally Affirming? Exploratory Study on Restraint Usage Among Incarcerated Youth In the United States of America

The United States has a chronic and disproportionate history of incarcerating male youth of color.  This study is based on exploratory analyses describing the types and frequency of restraints used among incarcerated youth. Using a developmental theoretical lens, findings indicate that physical restraints, while frequently used, are not developmentally affirming.