Affect and Behavior: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Father Involvement In Racial/Ethnic Minority and Low-Income Families

Alongside affective engagement, father involvement has been conceptualized with attention to direct and indirect behavioral dimensions. However, this study identified a two-factor model, including affective and unified behavioral dimensions, within racial/ethnic minority and low-income families. This highlights the importance of cultural sensitivity in measuring fathering practices among diverse families.