Understanding AI Stigma: Scale Development, Validation, and Critical Examination of Why People Stigmatise AI Users

We developed the 12-item AI Stigma scale across five studies (AIS; n= 1,426, α=.) using samples from the USA and Singapore. The scale showed strong reliability, a stable single-factor structure, strict measurement invariance across culture and sex, and meaningful correlations with technophobia, AI anxiety, trait anxiety, and perceived intelligence.