Teasing Apart the Proximal, Distal, and Directional Effects of Negative Cognitions, Stress and Depressive Symptoms on Daily Sleep

We used a two-week daily diary design to test the effects of measurement timing and covariates (stress, cognitive vulnerability) on the association between sleep and depressive symptoms. The relationship between sleep and depressive symptoms was complex; results differed as a function of proximal vs. distal measurement, covariates, and sleep operationalization.