Why Some Persist after Failure: Mindset and Identity-Relevance Predict Effort-Related Cardiovascular Response

We tested whether mindset moderates effort after failure depending on task identity relevance. After failing at an identity-relevant initial task, N = 111 individuals completed a second task framed as identity-relevant or not. Cardiovascular responses showed increased effort with growth mindsets when the task was identity-relevant, whereas fixed-mindset disengaged.