Rethinking the Universality of Holland’s Model: A Meta-Analysis of Vocational Interests in South Korea

Holland’s model assumes a circular interest structure of RIASEC, yet its applicability outside the U.S. remains uncertain. This meta-analysis examined Korean data, revealing a poor fit and reordered structure of IRASEC. Findings highlight cultural influences on vocational interests and underscore the need to critically assess U.S.-based theories in other contexts.