Psychological Distress in Chronic Lung Disease: The Moderating Role of Smoking and Self-Efficacy

Psychological distress (PD) is common among smokers with chronic lung disease (CLD-S). Self-efficacy (SE) is critical for disease management. We examined relationships between CLD, smoking, and SE on PD. Surprisingly, high SE was positively associated with PD among CLD-S. High SE among CLD-S may prompt cognitive dissonance to increase PD.