Mother May I? the 3rd, 4th, 5th Time's the Charm! the Impact of Child Temperament Temperament, Maternal Stress, and Parenting Confidence on Maternal Attachment

This study examines how older child temperament and maternal factors affect the parent-child bond. Results suggest that negative temperament in older children might serve as a benefit, when considering parent stress and confidence. In addition, it is the mother, rather than the child, who most directly shapes the mother-child bond.