Who Is American?: A Comprehensive Analysis of the American-Foreign Stereotype (2007–2022)

Harnessing data from 579,628 respondents, we traced the American=White stereotype across 16 years (2007–2022). Both explicit (54% reduction) and implicit (47% reduction) stereotypes decreased, with young and Asian Americans changing most rapidly. Moreover, stereotype strength was linked to features of local geography, such as non-White representation and political leanings.