Revisiting the Structure of the Short Dark Tetrad: A Comparison of Nine Factor Solutions in a Sample of 64,567 Participants

This study evaluates psychometric structure of the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) relative to its predecessor, the Short Dark Triad (SD3), assessing Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism in 64,567 participants. Findings show a bifactor model best represented the SD4, affirming its improvements over the SD3, finding distinct features for each facet.