Study Strategies, Habits, and Beliefs of University Students Vary for Memory-Based Learning and Problem-Solving Learning

We surveyed the study strategies, habits, and beliefs of 261 university students in Singapore, comparing retrieval practice, re-reading, and spaced and massed learning for memory-based and problem-solving learning. Students embrace "desirable difficulties" and use them adaptively for different learning tasks and purposes, but they largely lack guidance on effective studying.