Action-State Orientation: A Moderator of Cognitive Conflict and Task Difficulty Effects on Effort-Related Cardiac Response

Two experiments tested whether action-state orientation moderates the impact of task difficulty (Study 1) and conflict primes (Study 2) on effort-related cardiac reactivity. As expected, individual differences in action-state orientation indeed moderated both difficulty and conflict effects of effort and underline the importance of considering individual differences in effort research.