Retrieval Practice Benefits the Learning of Visual Materials

When learning cue-target word-pairs, taking a standard cued-recall test (cue-?) benefits retention on a later cued-recall test in the forward (cue-?) and backward (?-target) directions. We extended this research by using word-image pairs. Contrary to research with word-pairs, cued-recall tests benefited retention only in the forward, but not backward direction.