Parents’ Proactive and Punitive Responses to Children’s Poor School Grades Are Predicted By Intergenerational-, Parent-, and Child-Level Factors

This study examines what factors predict parents’ use of punitive or proactive parenting strategies in response to children’s poor grades. Regression results indicate that parents’ responses depend on parents’ gender, own experiences growing up, and educational expectations for their child. Parents’ punitive responses were negatively associated with children’s school engagement.