The Effect of Maternal and Paternal Caregivers’ Failure Mindset and Helicopter Parenting on Emerging Adults’ Intelligence Mindset

Helicopter parenting behaviors mediated the relationship between mothers’ failure mindsets and their children’s intelligence mindsets. When emerging adults reported that their mothers’ viewed failure negatively, their mothers engaged in more helicopter parenting behaviors, and they were more likely to have fixed intelligence mindsets. These relationships were not significant for fathers.