Maternal Cumulative Risk and the Prospective Relationship between Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms – Evidence for Variability across Early Childhood

Parenting stress and depressive symptoms of mothers experiencing cooccurring risk factors (poverty, low education, single motherhood) were shown to remain stable across early childhood. However, there appears to be a prospective relationship between parenting stress and depressive symptoms which varies in its directionality and magnitude across early childhood.